Classical
Economics
Classical
economics refers to work done by a group of economists in the eighteenth and
nineteenth centuries. They developed theories about the way markets and market
economies work. The study was primarily concerned with the dynamics of economic
growth. It stressed economic freedom and promoted ideas such as laissez-faire
and free competition.
The concern of
the classical economists from Adam Smith to David Ricardo was the laws
governing the emerging capitalist economy, characterized by wage labor, an
increasingly sophisticated division of labor, the coordination of economic
activity via a system of interdependent markets in which transactions are
mediated through money, and rapid technical, organizational and institutional
change. In short, they were concerned with an economic system in motion. (Kurz
and Salvadori, 1998b, p. 3)
Classical
economics is widely regarded as the first modern school of economic thought. Its major
developers include Adam
Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, David
Ricardo, Thomas Malthus and John
Stuart Mill. However, Irving
Fisher, Harriet
Martineau, Edward Gibbon Wakefield, Edward C. Prescott, Robert Barro are classical economists. Among the three of them such as- Adam
Smith, David Ricardo, Thomas
Malthus about their background and their contribution of economics
write to the below.
Thomas
Robert Malthus
An 18th-century British philosopher and
economist famous for his ideas about population growth. Thomas Robert Malthus
was born into a wealthy family on 13 February 1766 at The Rookery near Wotton, Surrey and died in 1834.
His father was a disciple of
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, whose book émile may have been the source of the
elder Malthus' liberal ideas about educating his son. In formal situations
Robert Malthus used his full name, but in less formal correspondence referred
to himself as T. Robert Malthus or Robert Malthus, and among family and close
friends was always called Robert or Bob. He was died 23 December 1834.
Malthus
was the son of a clergyman and one of eight children. He was educated at home until he went to Jesus College
Cambridge, in 1784.
He studied a wide range of subjects
and took prizes in Latin and Greek, graduating in 1788. He took his MA in 1791,
was elected a Fellow of Jesus College in 1793 and was ordained as an Anglican
minister in 1797. He became curate of the parish of Albury in Surrey in 1798, a
post which he held only for a short time. In 1804 Malthus married Harriet
Eckersall; from 1805 until his death. Cambridge and later became he was Professor of Modern History and Political Economy at
the college of the East India Company at Haileybury except for a visit to
Ireland in 1817, and a trip to the Continent in 1825 for health reasons. Malthus' appointment was the first time in Great Britain
that the words "political economy" had been used to designate an
academic office. In 1811 he met and became a close friend of the economist David Ricardo.
In
1819 Malthus was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society; in 1821 he became a
member of the Political Economy Club, whose members included Ricardo and James Mill; in 1824 he was elected as one of the ten royal associates
of the Royal Society of Literature. Malthus was one of the co-founders of the
Statistical Society of London in 1834. In 1833 he was elected to the French
Académie des Sciences Morales etc. Politiques and to the Royal Academy of
Berlin. Although he wrote various papers, he never added substantially to what
he had gathered in Essay
on Population and Principles of Political
Economy.
He
wrote an unpublished pamphlet in 1796 called The Crisis which, among
other things, took a favorable view of newly proposed poor laws, which were to
set up workhouses for the poor. The opinions and teachings that Malthus
developed reflect largely a reaction to his father's views and to the doctrines
of the French
Revolution and its supporters. Malthus' major
contribution to economics was his theory of population, published in An
Essay on the Principle of Population in 1798 when he was 32. In
it he theorized that populations will continue to grow until growth is stopped
or reversed by disease, famine, war or calamity. He developed what is now
referred to as the Malthusian growth model, an exponential formula used to
forecast population growth. The book
was published anonymously and became an important and integral part of
classical liberal economic and social doctrines and was influential in the
thinking behind the 1834
Poor Law Amendment Act.
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